Understanding geometric properties of natural language processing models' latent spaces allows the manipulation of these properties for improved performance on downstream tasks. One such property is the amount of data spread in a model's latent space, or how fully the available latent space is being used. In this work, we define data spread and demonstrate that the commonly used measures of data spread, Average Cosine Similarity and a partition function min/max ratio I(V), do not provide reliable metrics to compare the use of latent space across models. We propose and examine eight alternative measures of data spread, all but one of which improve over these current metrics when applied to seven synthetic data distributions. Of our proposed measures, we recommend one principal component-based measure and one entropy-based measure that provide reliable, relative measures of spread and can be used to compare models of different sizes and dimensionalities.

基于非线性吸引力 - 抑制力的方法（包括T-SNE，UMAP，FORCEATLAS2，grounvis等）主导了维度降低的现代方法。本文的目的是证明所有此类方法，通过设计，都带有一个沿途自动计算的附加功能，即与这些力相关的向量场。我们展示了该向量领域如何提供其他高质量信息，并根据莫尔斯理论的思想提出了一般的完善策略。这些想法的效率是使用T-SNE在合成和现实生活数据集上专门说明的。

这项工作评估了生成模型的质量度量的鲁棒性，例如INPECTION评分（IS）和FR \'Echet Inception距离（FID）。类似于深层模型对各种对抗性攻击的脆弱性，我们表明这种指标也可以通过添加剂像素扰动来操纵。我们的实验表明，可以生成分数很高但知觉质量低的图像分布。相反，人们可以优化对小型扰动，当将其添加到现实世界图像中时，会使他们的分数恶化。我们进一步将评估扩展到生成模型本身，包括最先进的网络样式。我们展示了生成模型和FID的脆弱性，反对潜在空间中的累加扰动。最后，我们证明，通过简单地以强大的启动来代替标准发明，可以强大地实现FID。我们通过广泛的实验来验证鲁棒度量的有效性，这表明它对操纵更为强大。

在2015年和2019年之间，地平线的成员2020年资助的创新培训网络名为“Amva4newphysics”，研究了高能量物理问题的先进多变量分析方法和统计学习工具的定制和应用，并开发了完全新的。其中许多方法已成功地用于提高Cern大型Hadron撞机的地图集和CMS实验所执行的数据分析的敏感性;其他几个人，仍然在测试阶段，承诺进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精确度以及新现象的搜索范围。在本文中，在研究和开发的那些中，最相关的新工具以及对其性能的评估。

给定数据点之间的一组差异测量值，确定哪种度量表示与输入测量最“一致”或最能捕获数据相关几何特征的度量是许多机器学习算法的关键步骤。现有方法仅限于特定类型的指标或小问题大小，因为在此类问题中有大量的度量约束。在本文中，我们提供了一种活跃的集合算法，即项目和忘记，该算法使用Bregman的预测，以解决许多（可能是指数）不平等约束的度量约束问题。我们提供了\ textsc {project and Hoses}的理论分析，并证明我们的算法会收敛到全局最佳解决方案，并以指数速率渐近地渐近地衰减了当前迭代的$ L_2 $距离。我们证明，使用我们的方法，我们可以解决三种类型的度量约束问题的大型问题实例：一般体重相关聚类，度量近距离和度量学习；在每种情况下，就CPU时间和问题尺寸而言，超越了艺术方法的表现。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Novel topological spin textures, such as magnetic skyrmions, benefit from their inherent stability, acting as the ground state in several magnetic systems. In the current study of atomic monolayer magnetic materials, reasonable initial guesses are still needed to search for those magnetic patterns. This situation underlines the need to develop a more effective way to identify the ground states. To solve this problem, in this work, we propose a genetic-tunneling-driven variance-controlled optimization approach, which combines a local energy minimizer back-end and a metaheuristic global searching front-end. This algorithm is an effective optimization solution for searching for magnetic ground states at extremely low temperatures and is also robust for finding low-energy degenerated states at finite temperatures. We demonstrate here the success of this method in searching for magnetic ground states of 2D monolayer systems with both artificial and calculated interactions from density functional theory. It is also worth noting that the inherent concurrent property of this algorithm can significantly decrease the execution time. In conclusion, our proposed method builds a useful tool for low-dimensional magnetic system energy optimization.

The release of ChatGPT, a language model capable of generating text that appears human-like and authentic, has gained significant attention beyond the research community. We expect that the convincing performance of ChatGPT incentivizes users to apply it to a variety of downstream tasks, including prompting the model to simplify their own medical reports. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an exploratory case study. In a questionnaire, we asked 15 radiologists to assess the quality of radiology reports simplified by ChatGPT. Most radiologists agreed that the simplified reports were factually correct, complete, and not potentially harmful to the patient. Nevertheless, instances of incorrect statements, missed key medical findings, and potentially harmful passages were reported. While further studies are needed, the initial insights of this study indicate a great potential in using large language models like ChatGPT to improve patient-centered care in radiology and other medical domains.

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.